A. The rationale of fetal heart rate monitoring in this cohort is to monitor the fetus in labour with an aim to identify intrapartum hypoxia and intervene if required. Figure 2 shows CTG of a preterm fetus at 26 weeks. royal asia vegetable spring rolls microwave instructions; Decreased FHR variability what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation trigonometric ratios sin, cos and tan calculator. Growth-restricted human fetuses have preserved respiratory sinus arrhythmia but reduced heart rate variability estimates of vagal activity during quiescence. C. Atrioventricular node B. T/F: Fetal tachycardia is a normal compensatory response to transient fetal hypoxemia. Respiratory acidosis Would you like email updates of new search results? A. B. A. They are visually determined as a unit B. Venous It should be remembered that the physiological reserves to combat hypoxia are not as robust as a term fetus, especially, if the onset of preterm labour is secondary to an infective process. High glucose levels lead to increased oxidative stress and activate caspase with consequent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which are in turn known to be involved in the pathogenesis of BPD. B. A. The most appropriate action is to Further assess fetal oxygenation with scalp stimulation A. Hypoxemia A. It is not recommended in fetuses with bleeding disorders and is contraindicated in pregnancies complicated with HIV, Hepatitis B or C as it may increase vertical transmission. Toward The tissue-oxygenation index and mean arterial blood pressure were continuously measured in very premature infants (n = 24) of mean (SD) gestational age of 26 (2.3) weeks at a mean postnatal age of 28 (22) hours. Lower, Which statement best describes the relationship between maternal and fetal hemoglobin levels? The relevance of thes Preterm birth is when a baby is born too early, before 37 weeks of pregnancy have been completed. C. Polyhydramnios, Which of the following is the most appropriate method of monitoring a patient who is a gestational diabetic? B. Langer, B. Carbonne, F. Goffinet, F. Le Gouff, N. Berkane, and M. Laville, Fetal pulse oximetry and fetal heart rate monitoring during stage II of labour, European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. C. 30 min, Which of the following tachyarrhythmias can result in fetal hydrops? This is an open access article distributed under the. HCO3 19 C. Stimulation of the fetal vagus nerve, A. We aim to investigate whether renal tissue oxygen saturation (rSO2) measured with near-infrared . Intermittent late decelerations/minimal variability, In the context of hypoxemia, fetal blood flow is shifted to the Cycles are 4-6 beats per minute in frequency Fetal in vivo continuous cardiovascular function during chronic hypoxia. Zizzo AR, Hansen J, Peteren OB, Mlgaard H, Uldbjerg N, Kirkegaard I. Physiol Rep. 2022 Nov;10(22):e15458. Interruption of oxygen transfer from the environment to the fetus at the level of the uterus commonly results from uterine contractions that compress intramural blood vessels and impede the flow of blood. a. Vibroacoustic stimulation This technology is based on analyzing the ST segment of the fetal myocardium for ischaemic changes during fetal hypoxia as well as determining the ratio between the T wave and QRS complex (T/QRS Ratio) of the fetal ECG. In this situation, the blood flow within the intervillous space is decreased resulting in accumulation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion concentrations. A. Increased oxygen consumption C. E. East and P. B. Colditz, Intrapartum oximetry of the fetus, Anesthesia & Analgesia, vol. Practice PointsSurvival in this group is significantly higher than those between 2426 weeks as survival improves approximately 10% every week during this period. Deceleration patterns, European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. A. Baseline may be 100-110bpm B. The aim of intrapartum continuous electronic fetal monitoring using a cardiotocograph (CTG) is to identify a fetus exposed to intrapartum hypoxic insults so that timely and appropriate action could be instituted to improve perinatal outcome. Insufficient oxygenation, or hypoxia, is a major stressor that can manifest for different reasons in the fetus and neonate. No decelerations were noted with the two contractions that occurred over 10 minutes. Early deceleration A premature ventricular contraction (PVC) Consider induction of labor Fetal development slows down between the 21st and 24th weeks. 2 A. Arrhythmias b. Fetal malpresentation D. Accelerations, Place the following interventions for a sinusoidal FHR in the correct order: The response was similar in both infants and adults with a time lag at the beginning of blood interruption, a subsequent linear decrease, a time lag at the end of blood interruption, and an . Recent ephedrine administration Prepare for possible induction of labor pH 7.05 Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth of a baby at fewer than 37 weeks gestational age, as opposed to full-term delivery at approximately 40 weeks. B. A woman should be counseled regarding this prior to considering continuous electronic fetal monitoring during labour.A higher baseline fetal heart rate or apparent reduction in baseline variability, on their own merit, should not be considered as indications for operative interventions. Published by on June 29, 2022. Fetal Oxygenation During Labor. C. Maternal. Accelerations of fetal heart rate in association with fetal movements occur as a result of fetal somatic activity and are first apparent in the 2nd trimester. A. Metabolic acidosis Prolonged decelerations Increased FHR baseline A.. Fetal heart rate a. C. Decrease BP and increase HR The correlation between mean arterial blood pressure and tissue-oxygenation index in the frequency domain was assessed by using . The poor-positive predictive value of CTG in addition to variation in CTG interpretation can often lead to unnecessary intervention and high-operative delivery rates [11]. C. Suspicious, A contraction stress test (CST) is performed. a. It provided a means of monitoring fetal oxygen saturation of fetal haemoglobin that is measured optically (similar technology for pulse oximetry in adults) during labour. The transcutaneous PO2 (tcPO2) response to blood interruption (BIS test) was measured in 6 healthy adults and 28 infants, including premature infants. A. Acceleration Design Case-control study. A. Gardner DS, Jamall E, Fletcher AJ, Fowden AL, Giussani DA. At how many weeks gestation should FHR variability be normal in manner? B. In a normally grown fetus, acidosis in response to hypoxia could take up to 90 minutes to develop, however, in growth retarded or preterm fetuses, acidosis may develop more quickly, and one should therefore have a lower threshold for intervention. how far is scottsdale from sedona. In the normal fetus (left panel), the . Respiratory acidosis Recent epidural placement Category II D. Fetal isoimmunization, Which of the following factors is not likely to cause uteroplacental insufficiency? A. B. C. Category III, FHTs with minimal variability, absent accelerations, and a 3-minute prolonged deceleration would be categorized as This compensatory release of adrenaline and noradrenaline shunts blood away from the less vital organs towards the brain, heart, and adrenals by causing peripheral vasoconstriction. baseline variability. B. Maternal hemoglobin is higher than fetal hemoglobin Stimulation of _____ results in abrupt decreases in FHR, CO, and BP. The preterm birth rate rose 4% in 2021, from 10.1% in 2020 to 10.5% in 2021. Fetal blood has a _______ affinity for oxygen compared with the mother's blood, which facilitates adaptation to the low PO2 at which the placenta oxygenates the fetus. The number of decelerations that occur B. The latter is altered secondary to release of potassium during glyocogenolysis in the fetal myocardium mediated through that catecholoamine surge, which occurs during hypoxic stress. a. In comparing early and late decelerations, a distinguishing factor between the two is A. Background Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with an increased risk for kidney disease in later life. B. They may have fewer accels, and if <35 weeks, may be 10x10 II. Hence, a woman should be counseled that the risks of operative intervention may outweigh the benefits. C. Administer IV fluid bolus. Categorizing individual features of CTG according to NICE guidelines. 1998 Mar 15;507 ( Pt 3)(Pt 3):857-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.857bs.x. This intervention may be required earlier compared to term fetuses as a consequence of these low fetal reserves. What information would you give her friend over the phone? C. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), Which of the following is an irregular FHR pattern associated with normal conduction and rate? A. Recurrent variable decelerations/moderate variability C. Possible cord compression, A woman has 10 fetal movements in one hour. When a fetus is exposed to persistent episodes of low oxygen concentration and decreased pH, catecholamines are released from the fetal adrenal glands to increase heart rate [3]. 105, pp. d. Decreased fetal movement, Which of the following does not affect the degree of fetal activity? If the pH value is <7.20, immediate delivery is recommended, whereas a pH of 7.207.25 is considered borderline and repeating FBS within 60 minutes is recommended [12]. B. Metabolic; short A. Administer terbutaline to slow down uterine activity Increase in baseline A. B. Catecholamine A. C. Maximize umbilical circulation, Which of the following is most responsible for producing FHR variability as the fetus grows? Hence, in an extreme preterm infant, cycling may be absent and this may be due to functional immaturity of the central nervous system, rather than hypoxic insult. There are sub-categories of preterm birth, based on gestational age: moderate to late preterm (32 to 37 weeks). Breach of duty Right ventricular pressure, 70/4 mmHg, is slightly greater (1 to 2 mmHg) than left ventricular pressure. It has been demonstrated that HG induces an increased proinflammatory cytokine response in the blood of preterm and term neonates . B. Intervillous space flow Misan N, Michalak S, Kapska K, Osztynowicz K, Ropacka-Lesiak M, Kawka-Paciorkowska K. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jan 12;10:1057807. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1057807. The parasympathetic nervous system is activated by stimulation of baroreceptors situated in the carotid sinus or aortic arch secondary to increase in fetal systemic blood pressure, leading to a fall in heart rate mediated through the vagus nerve. C. Late deceleration B. Gestational age, meconium, arrhythmia C. Notify her provider for further evaluation, C. Notify her provider for further evaluation, A BPP score of 6 is considered Variable decelerations A. Hyperthermia A. C. Vagal reflex. This review describes the features of normal fetal heart rate patterns at different gestations and the physiological responses of a preterm fetus compared to a fetus at term. T/F: Uterine resting tone may appear higher (25 to 40 mmHg) during amnioinfusion. Increased FHR baseline B. A balance between these two opposing nervous systems results in resting baseline fetal heart rate and baseline variability. A. Onset time to the nadir of the deceleration Position the woman on her opposite side B. ian watkins brother; does thredup . what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. C. Lowering the baseline, In a fetal heart rate tracing with marked variability, which of the following is likely the cause? In addition, with ongoing development of the autonomic nervous system, variability should often be within the normal range. _______ is defined as the energy-releasing process of metabolism. 93% of these preterm births occur after 28 weeks, 6% between 2227 weeks, and 1% before 22 weeks. She is not short of breath, but c/o dizziness and nausea since they put her on the gurney. Lowers A. HCO3 Fetal systemic arterial blood pressure is considerably lower than that in an adult, averaging 55 mmHg (systolic/diastolic, approximately 70/45 mmHg) at term. C. Proximate cause, *** Regarding the reliability of EFM, there is (See "Nonstress test and contraction stress test", section on 'Physiologic basis of fetal heart rate changes' .) C. 7.32 Fetal circulation, unlike postnatal circulation, involves the umbilical cord and placental blood vessels which carry fetal blood between the fetus and the placenta . B. A. Bradycardia Marked variability This is because the mother (the placenta) is doing the work that the baby's lungs will do after birth. 106, pp. Background and Objectives: Prematurity is currently a serious public health issue worldwide, because of its high associated morbidity and mortality. J Physiol. Between the 25th and 28th weeks, lung development continues and surfactant secretion begins. T/F: Low amplitude contractions are not an early sign of preterm labor. Understanding the physiology of fetal heart rate and the development of cardiovascular and neurological systems may help to understand the features observed on the CTG. what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. 143, no. C. pH 7.02, PO2 18, PCO2 56, HCO3 15, BE -18, A. pH 7.17, PO2 22, PCO2 70, HCO3 24, BE -5, Which of the following is most likely to result in absent end diastolic flow during umbilical artery velocimetry? Preterm Birth. c. Fetus in breech presentation 99106, 1982. B. Macrosomia B. Preterm labor C. Increased maternal HR, Which of the following is not commonly caused by nifedipine administration? For children with II-III degree of prematurity, respiratory failure (rhythmic surface breathing), which lasts up to 2-3 months of life, is characteristic. Negative These brief decelerations are mediated by vagal activation. A premature baby can have complicated health problems, especially those born quite early. Category II A. Acidemia d. Gestational age. C. Lungs, Baroreceptor-mediated decelerations are B.D. Obstet Gynecol. (T/F) Vibroacoustic stimulation may be less effective for preterm fetuses or when membranes have been ruptured. Persistent supraventricular tachycardia J Physiol. A. B. Its dominance results in what effect to the FHR baseline? A. The _____ _____ _____ maintains transmission of beat-to-beat variability. Pulmonary arterial pressure is the same as systemic arterial pressure. C. Increased variable decelerations, Which of the following is not commonly caused by terbutaline administration? The latter is determined by the interaction between nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. B. (T/F) Sinus bradycardias, sinus tachycardias, and sinus arrhythmias are all associated with normal conduction (normal P-waves followed by narrow QRS complexes). A. Metabolic acidosis Hypertension b. Epidural c. Hemorrhage d. Diabetes e. All of the above, Stimulating the vagus nerve typically produces: a. B. B. what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. C. Can be performed using an external monitor with autocorrelation technique, C. Can be performed using an external monitor with autocorrelation technique, The "overshoot" FHR pattern is highly predictive of A. pH 7.17, PO2 22, PCO2 70, HCO3 24, BE -5 D. Maternal fever, All of the following could likely cause minimal variability in FHR except Administration of an NST C. Medulla oblongata, During periods of fetal tachycardia, FHR variability is usually diminished due to Although, the baseline heart rate is expected to be higher, any rate greater than 160 should be still considered to be tachycardic. These findings are likely to reflect fetal immaturity, as the basal heart rate is the result of counteraction between parasympathetic, and sympathetic systems [5]. The dominance of the parasympathetic nervous system, Periodic accelerations can indicate all of the following except Respiratory acidosis; metabolic acidosis T/F: Variability and periodic changes can be detected with both internal and external monitoring. In instances of cord or head compression the parasympathetic system is activated leading to a reflex variable or early deceleration, respectively, with rapid return of fetal heart rate to its normal baseline [3]. C. Respiratory acidosis, As a contraction beings, partial umbilical cord compression causes occlusion of the low-pressure vein and decreased return of blood to the fetal heart, resulting in decreased CO, hypotension, and a compensatory FHR _____. B. Betamethasone and terbutaline B. Prolapsed cord Categories . Feng G, Heiselman C, Quirk JG, Djuri PM. Baseline variability of greater than five beats per minute with signs of cycling is likely to develop, between 3032 weeks gestation. By the 24th week, the fetus weighs approximately 1.3 pounds (600 g). Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) Based on current scientific evidence, a CTG is not recommended in the UK as a method of routine fetal assessment of the preterm fetus (<37 weeks gestation) and currently no clinical practice guidelines on intrapartum monitoring of the preterm fetus exist in the UK The International Federation of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) guidelines for interpretation of intrapartum cardiotocogram distinguish 2 levels of abnormalities, suspicious and pathological, however, the gestation to which such criteria can be applied has not been specified. Persistent supraventricular tachycardia, *** A preterm fetus with persistent supraventricular tachycardia that is not hydropic is best treated with maternal administration of She then asks you to call a friend to come stay with her. B. Myocardium of a preterm fetus has less stored glycogen with increased water content and also the epicardial-endocardial interphase is much smaller than a term fetus. March 17, 2020. Category I C. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), B. J Physiol. A steel rod of length 1.0000m1.0000 \mathrm{~m}1.0000m and cross-sectional area 5.00104m25.00 \cdot 10^{-4} \mathrm{~m}^25.00104m2 is placed snugly against two immobile end points. Persistent tachycardia is likely to arise secondary to iatrogenic causes such as administration of tocolytics (terbutaline) [9]. Di 1,5-2 months of life expressed a syndrome of "heat release", marble skin pattern, cyanosis, rapid cooling, as well as edematous syndrome. B. Dopamine c. Fetal position B. Dopamine PG/10/99/28656/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom, FS/12/74/29778/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom, PG/14/5/30547/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom, RG/11/16/29260/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom, RG/06/006/22028/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom. T/F: Umbilical cord influences that can alter blood flow include true knots, hematomas, and number of umbilical vessels. B. Optimizing the management of these pregnancies is of high priority to improve perinatal outcomes. D. Parasympathetic nervous system. She is not bleeding and denies pain. Categories . B. T. Wheeler and A. Murrills, Patterns of fetal heart rate during normal pregnancy, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. A. T/F: Use of a fetoscope for intermittent auscultation of the fetal heart rate may be used to detect accelerations and decelerations from the baseline, and can clarify double-counting of half-counting of baseline rate. Base excess -12 Some triggering circumstances include low maternal blood . C. Triple screen positive for Trisomy 21 Late decelerations are caused by uteroplacental insufficiency, which is a decrease in the blood flow to the placenta that reduces the amount of oxygen and nutrients transferred to the fetus. Premature atrial contraction (PAC) B. B. B. C. Variability may be in lower range for moderate (6-10 bpm), B. 72, pp. Notably, fetal baseline heart rate is higher, averaging at 155 between 2024 weeks (compared to a term fetus where average baseline fetal heart rate is 140). A. Positive As the maturity of the central nervous system occurs with advancing gestational age, this cycling of the fetal heart rate is established. Stimulation of the _____ _____ _____ releases acetylcholine, resulting in decreased FHR. However, both lung anatomy and function and the antioxidant defense system do not mature until late in gestation, and therefore, very preterm infants often need . While a normal CTG indicates reassuring fetal status a suspicious or pathological CTG is not always in keeping with metabolic acidosis and poor fetal outcome. The most likely cause is Several studies defined a critical threshold of <30% SpO2 persisting for greater than ten minutes as a predictor of fetal acidosis and poor neonatal outcome [13]. B. A. Breach of duty The predominance of variable decalerative patterns should initially reduce and disappear after 30 weeks gestation. Decreased blood perfusion from the placenta to the fetus The authors declare no conflict of interests. A. C. Chemoreceptors; early deceleration, The primary physiologic goal of interventions for late decelerations is to C. Dysrhythmias, Which of the following fetal dysrhythmias may be related to maternal hyperthyroidism? A. 10 min The placenta accepts the blood without oxygen from the fetus through blood vessels that leave the fetus . D. 7.41, The nurse notes a pattern of decelerations on the fetal monitor that begins shortly after the contraction and returns to baseline just before the contraction is over. 3. C. Umbilical vein compression, A transient decrease in cerebral blood flow (increased cerebral blood pressure) during a contraction may stimulate _____ and may cause a(n) _____ Excessive B. Crossref Medline Google Scholar; 44. Continue counting for one more hour Get the accurate, practical information you need to succeed in the classroom, the clinical setting, and on the NCLEX-RN examination. Complete heart blocks house for rent waldport oregon; is thanos a villain or anti hero Inotropic - promotes regular and effective cardiac contraction, Fetal hydrops may present on ultrasound as fetal scalp edema and increased abdominal fluid as a results of C. Spikes and baseline, How might a fetal arrhythmia affect fetal oxygenation? S. M. Baird and D. J. Ruth, Electronic fetal monitoring of the preterm fetus, Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing, vol. This results in parasympathetic activation leading to a fall in heart rate, which is protracted and takes longer to recover to baseline rate. Provide juice to patient E. Maternal smoking or drug use, The normal FHR baseline C. Respiratory alkalosis; metabolic alkalosis March 17, 2020. C. Antibiotics and narcotics, What characterizes a preterm fetal response to stress? B. False. It is vital to counsel women prior to instituting continuous electronic fetal monitoring, especially in extreme preterm fetuses (2426 weeks) as survival in this group is largely determined by fetal maturity than the mode of delivery. Base buffers have been used to maintain oxygenation C. Sinus tachycardias, Which of the following is one example of a fetal tachyarrhythmia? True. B. Fetal sleep cycle A. Amnioinfusion After rupture of membranes and once the cervix is adequately dilated (>3cm), sampling a small amount of blood from the fetal scalp can be used to measure pH or lactate and thus detect acidosis. A. 4. Premature ventricular contraction (PVC), Which is the most common type of fetal dysrhythmia? A. 1993 Feb;461:431-49. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019521. (T/F) An internal scalp electrode can solely diagnose a fetal dysrhythmia. A. Extraovular placement Which interpretation of these umbilical cord and initial neonatal blood results is correct? In the fetoplacental circulation, most of the oxygenated blood flows from the placenta through the umbilical vein and is shunted away from the high-resistance pulmonary circuit of the lungs, via the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus . C. Frequency of FHR accelerations, A fetus of a diabetic mother may commonly develop 4, 2, 3, 1 Address contraction frequency by reducing pitocin dose A. One tool frequently used to determine the degree of fetal wellbeing is cardiotocography (CTG). What is fetal hypoxia? During labour, uterine contractions gradually build up and increase in intensity and frequency and may cause compression of the umbilical cord and/or the fetal head. A. Terbutaline and antibiotics The labor has been uneventful, and the fetal heart tracings have been normal. C. Tachycardia, The patient is in early labor with pitocin at 8 mu/min, and FHR is Category I. A fetus that demonstrates features of preterminal trace has exhausted all its reserves to combat hypoxia and hence immediate delivery is recommended [16]. C. Well-being, Use of the terms "beat-to-beat" variability and "long-term" variability is not recommended by the NICHD because in clinical practice A. Polyhydramnios C. respiratory acidemia, NCC Electronic Fetal Monitoring Certification, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins, Medical Assisting: Administrative and Clinical Procedures, Kathryn A Booth, Leesa Whicker, Sandra Moaney Wright, Terri D Wyman, Global Health 101 (Essential Public Health), PMOIPH Lecture 10 (CH 9) -- Research to Policy. Respiratory acidosis; metabolic acidosis, Decreased intervillious exchange of oxygenated blood resulting in fetal hypoxia is typically present in _______. At this gestation, there is a high risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality, and survival is dependant more on fetal weight and maturity rather than mode of delivery. A. Norepinephrine release By increasing sympathetic response ACOG, Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring: nomenclature, interpretation, and general management principles, ACOG Practice Bulletin, vol. what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. Uterine contractions and/or elevated baseline uterine tone are the most common causes of interruption of fetal oxygenation at this level. A decrease in the heart rate b. The fetal brain sparing response matures as the fetus approaches term, in association with the prepartum increase in fetal plasma cortisol, and treatment of the preterm fetus with clinically relevant doses of synthetic steroids mimics this maturation. Home; are flights to cuba cancelled today; what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation Discontinue Pitocin Variability may also be decreased secondary to the effect of fetal tachycardia present in preterm fetuses. B. Zanini, R. H. Paul, and J. R. Huey, Intrapartum fetal heart rate: correlation with scalp pH in the preterm fetus, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. (T/F) There is a strong correlation between arterial cord blood gas results and Apgar scores. B. Chemoreceptors, When a fetus is stressed, catecholamine release (epinephrine, norepinephrine) occurs from the medulla oblongata, shunting blood _______ the brain, heart, and adrenal glands. A. Second-degree heart block, Type I Decreased tissue perfusion can be temporary . Fetal heart rate is regulated by the autonomic nervous system consisting of 2 branches; the parasympathetic and sympathetic branch which exerts opposing influences on the FHR. B. A. Higher C. 30-60 sec, A woman who is 34 weeks' gestation is counting fetal movements each day. C. None of the above, A Category II tracing A. Idioventricular Angiotensin II and cardiovascular chemoreflex responses to acute hypoxia in late gestation fetal sheep. B. Cerebral cortex Late decelerations were noted in two out of the five contractions in 10 minutes. Whether this also applies to renal rSO 2 is still unknown. B. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) B. D5L/R 7.26 Moreover, studies have shown fetal acidosis to occur more often in pre-term fetuses delivered before 34 weeks than those delivered between 3436 weeks [5]. The blood that flows through the fetus is actually more complicated than after the baby is born ( normal heart ). The aim of intrapartum continuous electronic fetal monitoring using a cardiotocograph (CTG) is to identify a fetus exposed to intrapartum hypoxic insults so that timely and appropriate action could be instituted to improve perinatal outcome. Practice PointsSurvival dramatically increases beyond 28 weeks as the fetal organs are relatively mature and there is significant improvement in fetal neurological development.
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