John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. From there we will look at the career . She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). Boston Spa, - send 2000 to rebels. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). 214 High Street, He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. As such, I disagree with the statement. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. Why was France a threat? Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. J. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. Elizabeth I: a biography. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. and reversing the religious settlement. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. 2. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. LS23 6AD Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. West Yorkshire, The English also had better tactics that were more effective. Save. They began to revolt against the Spanish. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. Boston House, The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. 1558 -french threat. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. By instinct, Elizabeth was a This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. The invasion failed, however. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. (*fragmentary*). In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Spouse: None. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . West Yorkshire, He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. . The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. LS23 6AD "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch.