Parents tend to see their newborns as unique and do not apply gender stereotypes to them. Lippman, W. (1922). (2011). All of the following statements concerning the Social Security system are correct EXCEPT: The Social Security retirement benefit is payable at normal retirement age with reduced benefits available as early as age 59 , to anyone who has obtained at least . Other indirect measures of prejudice are also frequently used in social psychological research, for instanceassessing nonverbal behaviors such as speech errors or physical closeness. Music videos often emphasize women's sexuality rather than their musical talent. This example illustrates that, A disadvantaged group that is separated from the dominant group by their distinct physical or cultural characteristics is known as. Which factor is LEAST likely to explain IQ differences between Blacks and whites? Social categorization influences our perceptions of groupsfor instance, the perception of outgroup homogeneity. a. unfriendly c. male as normative. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Why do U.S. taxpayers lose because of North Korea's counterfeiting? Review the ways that stereotypes influence our behavior. 2 A girl marries the boy next door. Therefore, he does a. interpersonal racism. For most of the period of European expansion, Europeans believed themselves to be superior to the people they colonized and conquered. c. women with disabilities d. a and b, Older women who appear on TV are often depicted: ceremonies Account. When speeding charges are made, Blacks fare much worse when citations are issued on the basis of the officer's visual assessment rather than radar or laser. c. In explaining racial inequality between Blacks and whites, class disadvantages are more significant than racism. False, Which of the following is an example of a situational attribution? Subaccounts provide more detail on accounts in reports in a simple and straightforward way You can collapse or expand each group of accounts on reports, depending on the arrow direction next to the group Subaccount balances appear indented under the parent account on reports Subaccounts do not count . The genome between socially constructed racial groups is 99.5%-99.9% identical; the 0.1%-0.5% variation between any two unrelated individuals is greatest between individuals in the same racial . 1 "I did a good job because I'm smart." a. Which of the following statements concerning prejudice is not true? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The study of neuroendocrinology examines how the brain and ________ work together to coordinate the physiological functioning of the body., According to one model, stress is the result of systemic activation of the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the ________. Psychological Science, 16(3), 175179. d. all of the above, Studies of the parents of newborns have found that: A social psychologist who is within earshot jots down a note so she can use the example in class. And there is often good agreement about the stereotypes of social categories among the individuals within a given culture. b. assimilation. The game is very close. d. a and c. Which is true of media portrayals of gays and lesbians? When our stereotypes lead us to be believe that we are likely to perform poorly on a task, we experience a feeling of unease and status threat. Which of the following is not true of Ann Hopkins' legal battle? Guia de Estudio - Study Guide: Term 1 Test, Avancemos 2 Unidad 2 Leccin 2 (Vocabulario), John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Service Management: Operations, Strategy, and Information Technology, Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences, Global Procurement and Strategic Sourcing (2), Measurements (e.g., weight, height, blood pressure). The conclusion is simple, if perhaps obvious: Social categorization is occurring all around us all the time. a. What is this scenario an example of? Attitude formation is the result of a number of influences. In explaining racial inequality between Blacks and whites, gender disadvantages are more significant than racism. Which of the following statements about social categorization is incorrect?A) Social categorization assigns individuals to categories based on common characteristics. Aronson, J., Lustina, M. J., Good, C., Keough, K., & Steele, C. M. (1999). d. Black women under age 35, Compared to 30 years ago, modern children's school textbooks: Stereotyping and perceived distributions of social characteristics: An application to ingroup-outgroup perception. C. holding a stereotype d. projecting. In the next section we will consider two of these approachesthe bogus pipeline procedure and the Implicit Association Test (IAT). He developed a plan for how the group could most effectively share responsibilities. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(3), 335354. a. stereotyping. b. c. Hispanics xiyi132735411514. It has been argued that there is a kernel of truth in most stereotypes, and this seems to be the case. Because our stereotypes are activated spontaneously when we think about members of different social groups, it is possible to use reaction-time measures to assess this activation and thus to learn about peoples stereotypes and prejudices. 17. There are several pairs of terms for females and males that have the same objective meaning Sarah feels quite the contraryarguing that women have been the targets of sexism for many, many years and even now do not have the same access to high-paying jobs that men do. c. social role theory. False. a. prejudice. a. multiculturalism. d. the cultural inferiority of blacks, In 2017, among full-time workers, which group has the lowest weekly earnings? Studies show that discriminatory practices toward black clients in the housing market have disappeared. d. 50. When we see members of social groups perform behaviors, we tend to better remember information that confirms our stereotypes than we remember information that disconfirms our stereotypes (Fyock & Stangor, 1994). d. Mexican Americans. ), Prejudice, discrimination and racism (pp. c. the same type of animals were depicted on the girl cards and the boy cards. His categorization revolves around the premises discussed in the deductions as well as the conditions required for arguments to prove them correct. In one of the experimental conditions, participants simply saw six lines, whereas in the other condition, the lines were systematically categorized into two groupsone comprising the three shorter lines and one comprising the three longer lines. a. He decides not to rent his house to the first applicant simply because he is Arab American and rents it to the second applicant, who is white. In recent years gay and lesbian characters increasingly have been featured in mainstream TV, a. spotlighting. social loafing a. prejudice. a. the history of racial segregation I. b. backlash effect Southern European Americans d. Neighborhood segregation remains especially high in metropolitan areas. A. social inequality c. Some Hispanics are white and some Hispanics are nonwhite. social facilitation b. Both Middle Easterners and North Africans are nonwhite. d. b and c, In examining women's sexuality in music and music videos, which of the following statements Brian's Do you think the cultural stereotypes about your group have ever influenced your performance on a task. father but has decided to withhold the diagnosis from his mother for as long as possible. Our friends also tend to hold beliefs similar to ours, and we talk about these beliefs when we get together with them (Schaller & Conway, 1999). Ambivalent sexism refers to the combination of: a. disablement d. 94; 62, Cross-cultural research on ambivalent sexism showed that: c. discrimination. An example of a superordinate goal would be two individuals who want to move a heavy couch out of their apartment. Social judgeability: The impact of meta-informational cues on the use of stereotypes. Race and ethnicity shape internal and external perceptions of a group. Lepore, L., & Brown, R. (1997). If employees receive a contribution of 3% of total compensation, then an . One indirect approach to assessing prejudice is called the bogus pipeline procedure (Jones & Sigall, 1971). 2 cognitive Principles of Social Psychology by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. d. Hispanics, Which group of Americans has the lowest median household income? c. multiculturalism. b. benevolent; hostile c. "Throughout history mankind has been plagued by disease." (1978). Dwayne's attitude best reflects: a. more favorably than older men A. Social Cognition, 21(3), 167193. A man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter. video-notes-from-discussion-posts-. The 1964 Civil Rights Act accomplished what? If police officers were actually not that knowledgeable about the city layout, then using this categorization would not be informative. D. scapegoating, One of the issues that makes categorization a difficult prejudice to overcome is that it is often __________. b. Alleviating womens mathematics stereotype threat through salience of group achievements. Perceived versus meta-analytic effect sizes: An assessment of the accuracy of gender stereotypes. Race in the making: Cognition, culture and the childs construction of human kinds. d. The Japanese families' assimilation into U.S. society accelerated after the war. c. Racist attitudes are found in all human societies because humans are designed to notice and dislike people who are different. c. color-blind racism, unlike overt racism, is not psychologically damaging to racial minorities. a. her "macho" style Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2003). Course Title THEO 104 - Introduction to Christian Thought. I start with some of the early challenges to the widely-employed philosophical method of casesthe very challenges that originally prompted the new movement of experimental philosophyand with some fundamental questions about the method that are yet to have been given satisfying answers. b. discriminating. c. discrimination. Bargh, J. Order. ______ is a socially constructed category based on the belief in fundamental human differences associated with physical characteristics and ancestry. Parental and peer influences on childrens racial attitudes. Gender stereotyping research that focused on social class has found that: Aim In this study we aimed to evaluate the quality of information regarding premature ejaculation . b. Germany; urban It is the largest part of the diencephalon and serves as a relay station to all the main sensory tracts (except the olfactory pathways). Butz, D. A., & Plant, E. A. Jane Collins, a woman married to Mark Sullivan, wants her potential employer to view her as Children of Japanese immigrants were unable to learn English, putting them at an educational disadvantage. a. transference. Stereotypes and prejudice may create discrimination. c. It outlawed discriminatory voting practices. a. there are no differences in the way parents view their newborn daughters and sons. Without power, the fish in the fish tanks at each store will die. a. laws limiting the rights of blacks in the South after the Civil War c. racializing. A Immigrants are sometimes blamed for low wages. Now, rather than perceiving themselves as members of two different groups (men versus women), John and Sarah might suddenly perceive themselves as members of the same social category (students at their college). Which of the following statements is true? . Stereotype lift. c. William Julius Wilson It is separated from the lentiform nucleus by the internal capsule. Beliefs about the characteristics of the groups and the members of those groups are known as stereotypes. c. Sports announcers highlight female athletes' femininity and minimize their athletic ability. What is the difference between gross pay and net pay for an employee? Race and ethnicity shape internal and external perceptions of a group. Looking for truth in all the wrong places? a. there are no differences in the stereotypes applied to working-class and middle-class women. More than 99 percent of the people in the United States are descended from \boldsymbol{x}_{\boldsymbol{i}} & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 \\ c. from 1986 to 2008 According to the Milgram experiments, which of the following factors makes an individual more likely to conform to a request that would harm an innocent victim? a. Racism is no longer a significant problem for Blacks. a. unmarried women. (2003). This is of course another example of the general principle of assimilationwe tend to perceive the world in ways that make it fit our existing beliefs more easily than we change our beliefs to fit the reality around us. B. 44; 22 Other research using this technique has found that we spontaneously categorize each other on the basis of many other group memberships, including race, academic status (student versus teacher), social roles, and other social categories (Fiske, Haslam, & Fiske, 1991; Stangor, Lynch, Duan, & Glass, 1992). When we know that we need to control our expectations so that we do not unintentionally stereotype the other person, we may try to do sobut doing so takes effort and may frequently fail (Macrae, Bodenhausen, Milne, & Jetten, 1994). Belinda is part of a jury that is split evenly between those who feel the defendant is guilty and those who feel the defendant is not guilty. social class, family, football team etc.) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(2), 275287. (A) Policy dividends represent earnings to shareowners who hold stock in insurance companies. Denying Francisco a raise is an example of 26 percent; 6 percent Give one example of a superordinate goal. a. Johns, M., Schmader, T., & Martens, A. a. C. purposeful Jussim, L., Robustelli, S. L., & Cain, T. R. (2009). EPCA also requires the U.S. Department of Energy (``DOE'') to. Similarly, when stereotypes are activated, children with low socioeconomic status perform more poorly in math than do those with high socioeconomic status, and psychology students perform more poorly than do natural science students (Brown, Croizet, Bohner, Fournet, & Payne, 2003). "Female professor receives prestigious grant." d. 75 percent, Blacks account for roughly ______ of the U.S. population and ______ of chief executives. b. most whites are above racism and incapable of perpetuating discrimination. d. discrimination. Phelan, J. E., & Rudman, L. A. I can't believe that I missed it!" What do social psychologists call the tendency to rely on internal characteristics for explanations of the behavior of others and to ignore the influence of the situation? A. What term would be used to characterize her argument? We sometimes think of our relationships with others at the individual level and sometimes at the group level. b. ethnic differences are combined to create new patterns of behavior drawing on diverse cultural sources. 4 A girl and a boy who both like jogging fall in love. Confidentiality c. Integrity. For example, if asked "how many . These could be between candidates and students (usually the case), candidates and parents (quite common), Chinese students and Chinese teachers, and candidates with me (as their mentor/teacher). Snyder, M., Tanke, E. D., & Berscheid, E. (1977). c. now have about equal numbers of male and female characters in basic readers and math poses than in active poses. 4 We tend to attribute our successes to our own efforts and our failures to the shortcomings of others. doi: 10.1111/j.17519004.2010.00306.x. Those who view the Mexican American population as stagnating argue that Mexicans are going through a process called Thinking about others in terms of their group memberships is known as social categorizationthe natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. Which of the following statements best describes life insurance policy dividends? (1984). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(1), 2136. Linnaeus assumed that each subgroup attitude best reflects: Question 1 Which 3 statements regarding subaccounts are true? On which (if any) social categories do you categorize others? Stone, J. Over the past half-century, the South has lost all gains in desegregation made since 1954the year of the ______ decision. It turns out that John does not think there should be a womens studies program at the college, and he tells Sarah so. Dwayne . Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on ______. The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction. In other cases, stereotypes are maintained because information that confirms our stereotypes is better remembered than information that disconfirms them. b. having few billable hours New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Teacher expectations and self-fulfilling prophecies. 3 People who do it tend to be young and nave. d. none of the above. B. The pet store owners discover that the power will not be restored for many days. Influence of impression-management goals on the emerging content of group stereotypes: Support for a social-evolutionary perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(6), 10661079. not support policies such as affirmative action that aim to overcome unequal treatment. He has shared this information with his b. cultural factors b. still show more male characters than female characters in basic readers and math materials Dwayne was recently diagnosed with terminal cancer. d. a and b, A study of popular films found that older women , compared to older men, were portrayed as . 34, pp. c. Ireland; rural a. some traits are associated with all women, regardless of their ethnicity. C. A worker receives benefits only if the work-related injury was not his or her fault. Shelley Taylor and her colleagues (Taylor, Fiske, Etcoff, & Ruderman, 1978) showed their research participants a slide and tape presentation of three male and three female college students who had supposedly participated in a discussion group. use of beauty products. On the 72nd hole of the U.S. Open golf tournament, Phil Mickelson misses a one-foot putt that would have won the championship. c. the social categorization perspective. Ann Hopkins filed a lawsuit against Price Waterhouse asserting that her promotion for men earned the money, while ___ percent expressed this view in 2002. Weight, BMI, age, blood pressure, and physical activity are other familiar variables commonly placed into categories. c. 41 percent b. During the presentation, each member of the discussion group made a suggestion about how to advertise a college play. Tajfel found that the lines were perceived differently when they were categorized, such that the differences between the groups and the similarities within the groups were emphasized. If the jury cannot decide on a verdict, a mistrial will be declared. All Hispanics are nonwhite. more: b. a. intelligence a. If men think that women are all alike, then they may also think that they all have the same characteristicstheyre all emotional and weak. And women may have similarly simplified beliefs about men (theyre insensitive, unwilling to commit, etc.). b. D. Human behavior is not easily changed by the expectations of others. When prejudice does not pay: Effects of interracial contact on executive function. a. a. modern; benevolent b. Puerto Rican Americans See the answer. Linville, P. W., Salovey, P., & Fischer, G. W. (1986). Categorization of individuals on the basis of multiple social features. b) There are clear-cut views on data classification and application categorization. Alter, A. L., Aronson, J., Darley, J. M., Rodriguez, C., & Ruble, D. N. (2010). In several forms of media there is a greater emphasis on female than male appearance. The bogus pipeline procedure suggests that people may frequently mask their negative beliefs in publicpeople express more prejudice when they are in the bogus pipeline than they do when they are asked the same questions more directly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(9), 656666. Gonzales, P. M., Blanton, H., & Williams, K. J. b. nationalism. Reggie goes to a private academy and plays on the varsity basketball team. c. The media tend to portray Latinas in low-status occupations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 4855. Try the IAT yourself, here: https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit. Social categorization occurs when we think of someone as a man (versus a woman), an old person (versus a young person), a Black person (versus an Asian or White person), and so on (Allport, 1954/1979). d. had qualities of behavior or temperament that were innate and could not be altered. 3 You dislike doing exercise but do it anyway to improve your health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797811. For instance, in one version of the IAT, participants are shown pictures of men and women and also shown words related to gender stereotypes (e.g., strong, leader, or powerful for men and nurturing, emotional, or weak for women). Social categorization occurs when we think of someone as a man (versus a woman), an old person (versus a young person), a Black person (versus an Asian or White person), and so on (Allport, 1954/1979). d. a and b, Which of the following statements regarding college athletes is/are not true? Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. text, which of the following titles would be most helpful to her? Furthermore, aspects of language, such as accent, play a crucial role in the . Although Anthony, an African American, was more productive at work than Francisco, a Hispanic American, Anthony was given a raise but not Francisco because the owner believed that Hispanic Americans are better workers than African Americans. Whites regularly engage in overt racism against Asian Americans. I think you would agree that you are more likely to categorize yourself as a member of your college or university when your basketball or football team has just won a really important game, or at your commencement day ceremony, than you would on a normal evening out with your family. a. children's readers and picture books. I then propose that what has allowed both 'armchair' and 'experimental' participants in the . A Feelings of hostility or anger directed against objects that are not the real origin of those anxieties is called a. transference. abilities Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. drburtoni Transgenders March, Portland 2015 SERIES CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. I codes "social" when the thrust of the datum dealt with relationships. (c) Prepare the stockholders equity section of the balance sheet at December 31. x+13=2(x23)6xx+\frac{1}{3}=2\left(x-\frac{2}{3}\right)-6 x 1. the standards and values of dominant groups 2. various groups' power within society 3. the standards and values of subordinate groups 4. social interaction The standards and values of dominant groups, various groups' power within society, and social interaction Steele and Aronson argued that thinking about negative stereotypes that are relevant to a task that one is performing creates stereotype threatperformance decrements that are caused by the knowledge of cultural stereotypes. d. Roe v. Wade, In American Apartheid (1993), Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton argue that _______ is/are responsible for the perpetuation of black poverty and the continued polarization of black and white people. In addition to learning less about them because we see and interact with them less, we routinely categorize outgroup members, thus making them appear more cognitively similar (Haslam, Oakes, & Turner, 1996). On the cognitive side, individuals who are experiencing stereotype threat show an impairment in cognitive processing that is caused by increased vigilance toward the environment and attempts to suppress their stereotypical thoughts. Just as White people used fewer piles of traits to describe Blacks than Whites, young people used fewer piles of traits to describe elderly people than they did young people, and students used fewer piles for members of other universities than they did for members of their own university. An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. a. aggregation. Sarah feels that her positions are correct, and she believes they are true not only for her but for women in general. Bias against people because of their disabilities is known as: In these situations, there is a discrepancy between our positive concept of our skills and abilities and the negative stereotypes suggesting poor performance. Brown, R. (1995). b. stereotyping. Entropy-related risks were soon translated into the "infodemic", a wide-spread phenomenon with psychosocial and cultural roots. "Gwendolyn Brooks is an outstanding poetess." d. She became partner and was awarded financial compensation for lost wages. a. color blindness is a means of maintaining racial equality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(5), 659670. 13 percent; 3 percent d. ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life. Social categorization occurs when we think of someone as a man (versus a woman), an old person (versus a young person), a Black person (versus an Asian or White person), and so on (Allport, 1954/1979). Rising to the threat: Reducing stereotype threat by reframing the threat as a challenge. Which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? a. Northwestern Europe. involvement Even today, there is good agreement about the stereotypes of members of many social groups, including men and women and a variety of ethnic groups. a. Categorization is an ability that begins to develop at the age of 5 in humans. Eastern Europe. c. Cuban Americans Which of the following was a consequence of the U.S. policy of forcing Japanese families into "relocation centers" during World War II? Furthermore, one half of the participants were told that when the presentation was over, they would be asked to remember which person had made which suggestion, whereas the other half of the participants were told merely to observe the interaction without attending to anything in particular. If you found yourself lost in a city, you might look for a police officer or a taxi driver to help you find your way. Then the participants categorize the photos (Is this picture a picture of a man or a woman?) and answer questions about the stereotypes (Is this the word strong?) ), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. C. The point at which sales revenue equals contribution margin.